The Ecological Register: Bos

Bos (ungulate)

Abundance: 0.00 to 83.70% (median 8.95%)

Latitudinal range: -34.7° to 55.7°

Habitats: (236), Mediterranean woodland (1), desert/xeric shrubland (2), montane grassland (1), temperate broadleaf/mixed forest (8), tropical/subtropical dry broadleaf forest (20), tropical/subtropical moist broadleaf forest (10), tropical/subtropical savanna (6)

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Found in 284 samples

Algeria: Gueldaman Cave GLD1 (UA1) (Holocene), Gueldaman Cave GLD1 (UA2) (Holocene), Gueldaman Cave GLD1 (UA3) (Holocene), Gueldaman Cave GLD1 (UA4) (Holocene)

Argentina: Acambuco

Armenia: Godedzor Level II C (Holocene), Godedzor Level II B (Holocene), Godedzor Level II A (Holocene)

Australia: Kangaroo Valley (low cattle disturbance), Goonoo State Conservation Area (on-track, pre-baiting), Taunton National Park, Kurrajong (KP1)

Bangladesh: Atora Hill, Rajkandi

Belgium: Hof van Leugenhaeghe (Holocene)

Botswana: Moritsane (Holocene)

Brazil: Una and Arataca (cabruca), Private Reserve of Natural Heritage Recanto das Antas, Catimbau National Park

Cambodia: Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Chhep Wildlife Sanctuary, Mondulkiri Protected Forest, Boh Dambang (Late Pleistocene), Vat Komnou (Holocene)

Canada: Irving-Johnston (Holocene)

China: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (camera traps), Suojia Township, Dazhushan (Late Pleistocene), Tawendaliha (Holocene), Xiariyamakebu (Holocene), Talitaliha (Holocene), Hunchun National Reserve (winter), Hunchun National Reserve (summer), Zongri type-site (Layer 3) (Holocene), Zongri type-site (Layer 4) (Holocene), Wanglang Nature Reserve (2020), Foping National Nature Reserve (2020), Laonainaimiao (Layer 3F) (Late Pleistocene), Laonainaimiao (Layer 3B) (Late Pleistocene), Taosi (Holocene), Zhoujiazhuang (Holocene), Mocun Cave (Late Pleistocene), Guandimiao (Holocene), Shuangta (Holocene), Gouwan (Holocene), Muzhuzhuliang (Holocene), Huoshiliang (Holocene), Xiao Midi (Late Pleistocene), Ganxian Cave (Middle Pleistocene), Bailongdong (Middle Pleistocene), Yanlidong (Early Stage) (Middle Pleistocene)

Colombia: Parque Nacional Natural Farallones de Cali (forest)

Croatia: Mujina Pecina (Level D2) (Late Pleistocene)

Denmark: Mullerup (bone tools) (Holocene), Mullerup (waste) (Holocene), Smakkerup Huse (Holocene)

Ecuador: Refugio de Vida Silvestre Marina y Costera Pacoche

Egypt: Gebel Silsila 2B-I (Afian) (Late Pleistocene), Gebel Silsila 2B-II (Silsilian) (Late Pleistocene), Gebel Silsila 2B (Survey) (Late Pleistocene), Berenike Trogodytika (fort) (Holocene), Berenike Trogodytika (dump) (Holocene), Berenike Trogodytika (gate) (Holocene)

Ethiopia: Harlaa (Holocene)

France: Mas d'Azil (Late Pleistocene), Les Auzières 2 (Late Pleistocene), Les Canalettes (Layer 2) (Late Pleistocene), Les Canalettes (Layer 3) (Late Pleistocene), Les Canalettes (Layer 4) (Late Pleistocene), Romain-la-Roche (Middle Pleistocene), Lazaret (C II supérieur UA 13-17) (Middle Pleistocene), Payre (ensemble G) (Middle Pleistocene), Payre (ensemble F) (Middle Pleistocene), Payre (ensemble D) (Late Pleistocene), Tourville-la-Rivière (level D1) (Middle Pleistocene), Lunel-Viel (level 9) (Middle Pleistocene), Soucy 1 (Middle Pleistocene)

Georgia: Dzudzuana Cave (lower area, Unit B) (Late Pleistocene)

Germany: Schöningen 13 II-4 (Middle Pleistocene)

Greece: Lakonis Cave I (upper bone breccia) (Late Pleistocene), Lakonis Cave I (lower bone breccia) (Late Pleistocene)

Hungary: Oltovâny Castle (Holocene)

India: Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Valparai Plateau, Similipal Tiger Reserve (camera traps), Takalghat (Holocene), Naikund (Holocene), Girawad (Holocene), Khirsara (layer 1) (Holocene), Khirsara (layer 2) (Holocene), Malvan (Period I) (Holocene), Malvan (Period II) (Holocene), Bharatpur and Jagannathprasad, Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary (good habitat area), Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary (poor habitat area), Kunal - Period IA (Pre-Harappan - Layer 6) (Holocene), Kunal - Period IA (Pre-Harappan - Layer 7) (Holocene), Kunal - Period IB (Early Harappan - Layer 5) (Holocene), Vadnagar (Ghaskol Darwaza Area) (Holocene), Vadnagar (Khari Kui (Primary School-3) Area) (Holocene), Mitathal (Layer 2) (Holocene), Mitathal (Layer 3) (Holocene), Chandankhera (Period III: Satavahana) (Holocene), Chandankhera (Period IV: Vakataka) (Holocene), Agiabir (Period I - Narhan culture) (Holocene), Kotada Bhadli (Holocene), Badmal (Period IB) (Holocene), Cathedral Cave (MIS 5) (Late Pleistocene), Gopnath (Late Pleistocene)

Indonesia: Braholo Cave (Excavation Unit G6, Assemblage 4) (Late Pleistocene), Braholo Cave (Excavation Unit G6, Assemblage 3) (Late Pleistocene), Braholo Cave (Excavation Unit G6, Assemblage 2) (Late Pleistocene), Braholo Cave (Excavation Unit G6, Assemblage 1) (Holocene)

Iran: Wezmeh Cave (Late Pleistocene), Kobeh Cave (Late Pleistocene), Tappeh Sang-e Chakhmaq (West Mound) (Holocene), Tappeh Sang-e Chakhmaq (East Mound) (Holocene), Qasr-e Ahmad (Holocene)

Iraq: Palegawra Cave (Late Pleistocene)

Israel: Manot Cave (Area D, Biogenic Unit) (Late Pleistocene), Qubur al-Walaydah (Field 2) (Holocene), Motza (Early PPNB) (Holocene), Motza (Middle PPNB) (Holocene), Tel Ro'im West (Late PPNB) (Holocene), Tel Ro'im West (PPNC) (Holocene), Tel Ro'im West (PN) (Holocene), Yiftah'el (Holocene), Marj Rabba (Holocene), El-Wad Cave (Early Natufian) (Late Pleistocene), El-Wad Cave (Late Natufian) (Late Pleistocene), Revadim Quarry (Middle Pleistocene), Revadim Quarry Area B (Middle Pleistocene), Qesem Cave Hearth unit (Middle Pleistocene), Qesem Cave LSBS (Middle Pleistocene), Ein Gev I (Late Pleistocene), Oumm Qatafa Cave (layer D2) (Middle Pleistocene)

Italy: Cava Muracci (Late Pleistocene), Riparo Biarzo (SU 3A) (Holocene), Mondeval de Sora (SU 8) (Holocene), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer D-E3) (Late Pleistocene), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer C2) (Late Pleistocene), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer C1) (Late Pleistocene), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer A) (Holocene), La Sassa Cave (Late Pleistocene), Contrada Castro (Period A) (Holocene), Contrada Castro (Period B) (Holocene), Poggetti Vecchi (Middle Pleistocene), Capalbiaccio (Building J, Level III) (Holocene), Grotta Cucgiliana (Late Pleistocene), Casal de'Pazzi (Middle Pleistocene)

Jordan: Wadi Taiyiba (WT1) (Late Pleistocene), Wadi Taiyiba (WT6) (Late Pleistocene), Ayn Qasiyya (Area A) (Late Pleistocene), Shishan Marsh 1 (Level 7b) (Late Pleistocene), Khirbat al-Mudayna al-'Aliya (Holocene)

Kazakhstan: Tasbas (Phase 2a) (Holocene), Tasbas (Phase 2b) (Holocene), Tasbas (Phase 3) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 1a) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 1b) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 2) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 3a) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 3b) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 4) (Holocene)

Kenya: Wadh Lang'o (Elmenteitan) (Holocene), Wadh Lang'o (Urewe) (Holocene), Usenge 3 (Urewe) (Holocene), Enkapune Ya Muto (RBL1) (Holocene)

Kyrgyzstan: Chap I (Holocene)

Laos: Tam Ngu Hao 2 (Middle Pleistocene)

Lebanon: Moghr el-Ahwal Cave 3 (Phases F & E) (Late Pleistocene)

Lesotho: Sehonghong (GAP) (Holocene)

Malaysia: Merapoh, Deramakot Forest Reserve, Maliau Basin Conservation Area, Segaliud Lokan Forest Reserve

Mali: Tongo Maaré Diabal (Horizon 1) (Holocene), Tongo Maaré Diabal (Horizon 2) (Holocene), Tongo Maaré Diabal (Horizon 3) (Holocene), Tongo Maaré Diabal (Horizon 4) (Holocene), Tongo Maaré Diabal (Horizon 5) (Holocene)

Mauritania: Dhar Tichitt Site 38 (Holocene), Dhar Tichitt Site 46 (Holocene)

Mongolia: Tolbor-21 (AH4) (Late Pleistocene), Zaraa Uul (Locus 2) (Holocene), Zaraa Uul (Locus 3) (Holocene)

Morocco: Ifri El Baroud (Unit B2) (Late Pleistocene), Gazelle Cave (upper level) (Late Pleistocene), Zouhrah Cave (L s1) (Late Pleistocene), Zouhrah Cave (L 1) (Late Pleistocene), Zouhrah Cave (L 2) (Late Pleistocene), Zouhrah Cave (L 3) (Pleistocene - Holocene)

Myanmar: Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary (Outside the Core), Kweenkoh, Mae Nyaw Kee South

Namibia: Waterberg Plateau Park (surrounding flatlands), Waterberg Escarpment

Niger: Garumele (context 1) (Holocene), Garumele (context 2) (Holocene)

Nigeria: Gajiganna A (Holocene), Gajiganna B (Holocene)

Paraguay: Isla Alta

Poland: Borsuka Cave (Layer VI) (Late Pleistocene), Borsuka Cave (Layer II) (Holocene), Sadowie 2 (Neolithic) (Holocene), Sadowie 2 (Early Bronze Age) (Holocene)

Portugal: Picareiro Cave (Layer D) (Holocene), Picareiro Cave (Layer E - Top) (Pleistocene - Holocene), Picareiro Cave (Layer E - Middle) (Late Pleistocene), Picareiro Cave (Layer E - Lower) (Late Pleistocene), Torre Velha (Holocene), Vale do Mouro (Stage 2) (Holocene), Vale do Mouro (Stage 3) (Holocene), Foz do Enxarrique (Late Pleistocene), Gruta de Figueira Brava (Area C) (Late Pleistocene)

Romania: Noviodunum (TPF sector, Getic period) (Holocene), Noviodunum (TPF sector, Roman period) (Holocene), Noviodunum (TPF sector, Middle Ages) (Holocene)

Russia: Geographical Society Cave (Late Pleistocene), Gornovo (Late Pleistocene), Bugul'deika II Layer II-2 (Holocene), Sagan-Zaba II (Layer 1) (Holocene), Sagan-Zaba II (Layer 2) (Holocene), Sagan-Zaba II (Layer 3A) (Holocene), Sagan-Zaba II (Layer 3B) (Holocene)

Senegal: Diouboye (Holocene)

Serbia: Garicin Grad (southeast corner tower, first phase) (Holocene), Garicin Grad (southeast corner tower, second phase) (Holocene)

South Africa: Between George and Karatara

Spain: Abric Romaní (Level Ja) (Late Pleistocene), Abric Romaní (Level Jb) (Late Pleistocene), El Mirador Cave (Holocene), Cueva de Nerja (Last Glacial Maximum) (Late Pleistocene), Cueva de Nerja (Tardiglacial) (Late Pleistocene), Cueva de Nerja (Early Holocene) (Holocene), Fortress of Vilars (sector 7/1) (Holocene), Fortress of Vilars (sector 7/3) (Holocene), Punta Lucero Quarry (Middle Pleistocene), Bolomor Cave (Level XI) (Middle Pleistocene), Bolomor Cave (Level XVIIc) (Middle Pleistocene), Bolomor Cave (Level XII) (Middle Pleistocene), Bolomor Cave (Level IV) (Middle Pleistocene), Punta Lucero III (Level F) (Holocene), Can Roqueta II (Holocene), Ambrona (AS1) (Middle Pleistocene)

Sudan: Wadi Halfa (6B36) (Late Pleistocene), Gala Abu Ahmed (Holocene), Khor Shambat 1 (Neolithic) (Holocene)

Syria: Tell Tuneinir (Area 6 - Market) (Holocene)

Tanzania: Tli'ika, Luxmanda (Holocene)

Thailand: Khao Yai National Park, Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary, Cave of the Monk (Area 1) (Late Pleistocene), Ban Rai rockshelter (Holocene), Tham Lod rockshelter (Unit 1) (Late Pleistocene), Tham Lod rockshelter (Unit 2) (Late Pleistocene), Tham Lod rockshelter (Unit 3) (Late Pleistocene), Doi Pha Kan (Late Pleistocene)

Togo: Fazao-Malfakassa National Park (dry season), Fazao-Malfakassa National Park (wet season)

Tunisia: Doukanet el Khoutifa (Holocene), Zita Area III, Square I (Pre-Roman period) (Holocene), Zita Area III, Square I (Roman period) (Holocene), Meninx (Holocene)

Turkey: Koycegiz Wildlife Development Reserve, Göbekli Tepe (Enclosure D) (Holocene), Ulucak Höyük (Level VI) (Holocene), Ulucak Höyük (Level V) (Holocene), Ulucak Höyük (Level IV) (Holocene)

Turkmenistan: Ojakly (Holocene)

Ukraine: Mirnoe (Holocene), Maidanetske (2013 season) (Holocene)

United Arab Emirates: Early ed-Dur (50 BC - 150 AD) (Holocene), Late ed-Dur (150 - 250 AD) (Holocene), Luluyyah Fort (Holocene)

United States: Davis Mountain Preserve, Blue Grass Army Depot, West of US 287

Uzbekistan: Kara-tepe (Holocene), Kyzyltepa (Holocene)

Vietnam: Hiem Cave (Holocene), Coc Muoi (Middle Pleistocene)

Zimbabwe: Ingwezi Game Management Project