Kiowa Rockshelter (Level 9)
Basic information
Sample name: Kiowa Rockshelter (Level 9)

Reference: D. Gaffney, G. R. Summerhayes, S. Luu, J. Menzies, K. Douglass, M. Spitzer, and S. Bulmer. 2021. Small game hunting in montane rainforests: Specialised capture and broad spectrum foraging in the Late Pleistocene to Holocene New Guinea Highlands. Quaternary Science Reviews 253:106742 [ER 3701]
Geography
Country: Papua New Guinea

State: Chimbu


Coordinate: 5° 54' 30" S, 145° 8' 50" E
Time interval: Holocene

Section: 3701

Unit number: 7

Unit order: above to below

Max Ma: 0.0093

Min Ma: 0.008846

Age basis: radiocarbon (uncalibrated)

Geography comments: "Kiowa is an irregularly shaped limestone rockshelter, about 6 m × 5.5 m, located in Chimbu province of the Central New Guinea Highlands".
"A small tributary to the Mae River is located about 20 m from the site".
Dates for Level 9 of the deposit range from 9300 ± 200 BP to 8846 ± 56 BP.

Environment
Lithology: limestone

Taphonomic context: human accumulation,rock shelter

Archaeology: bone tools,hearths,stone tools

Habitat comments: "Kiowa was first occupied during the terminal Pleistocene, with regular occupations continuing until the Mid-Late Holocene ... Level 3 represents the most recent undisturbed habitation deposit, with all underlying levels down to base of excavations characterised by radiating ash lenses, denoting short-duration hearths".
"Few bone and shell artefacts and pottery sherds were excavated from Kiowa; lithics comprise the bulk of the cultural material".

Methods
Life forms: bats,rodents,other large mammals,other small mammals,birds

Sampling methods: quarry

Sample size: 84 specimens

Years: 1960

Sampling comments: "During the 1960 excavations at Kiowa sieves were not used and specimens were collected by hand".
"Following excavation, all cranial and mandibular material along with worked bone, eggshell, and large bones were kept for later analysis. However, due to transportation difficulties only a small subsample of post-cranial material filling two c. 30 × 30 cm bags from each level was retained".

Metadata
Sample number: 3902

Contributor: Benjamin Carter

Enterer: Benjamin Carter

Created: 2022-02-19 11:59:36

Modified: 2023-04-29 06:14:42

Abundance distribution
15 species
9 singletons
total count 84
extrapolated richness: 54.2
Fisher's α: 5.317
geometric series k: 0.7531
Hurlbert's PIE: 0.5711
Shannon's H: 1.4552
Good's u: 0.8937
Each square represents a species. Square sizes are proportional to counts.
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