Braholo Cave (Excavation Unit G6, Assemblage 4)
Basic information
Sample name: Braholo Cave (Excavation Unit G6, Assemblage 4)
Reference: N. Amano, A.-M. Moigne, T. Ingicco, F. Sémah, R. D. Awe, and T. Simanjuntak. 2016. Subsistence strategies and environment in Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Eastern Java: Evidence from Braholo Cave. Quaternary International 416:46-63 [ER 3073]
Geography
Country: Indonesia
State: Central Java
Coordinate: 8° 4' 52" S, 110° 45' 19" E
Coordinate basis: stated in text
Time interval: Late Pleistocene
Section: 3073
Unit number: 4
Unit order: above to below
Ma: 0.025798
Age basis: radiocarbon (calibrated)
Geography comments: "Braholo Cave is located on the western part of the Gunung Sewu (‘Thousand Mountains’) region of Central Java in the regency of Gunung Kidul close to the village of Semugih. The cave is on the western slope of a ca. 45 m high limestone hill, 15 m above the modern village road".
"Assemblage 4 has a pre-LGM date of 25,798 ± 536 cal. BP".
"Assemblage 4 has a pre-LGM date of 25,798 ± 536 cal. BP".
Environment
Substrate: ground surface
Lithology: claystone
Taphonomic context: cave,human accumulation
Archaeology: stone tools
Habitat comments: "The site is composed of two very distinct sedimentary deposits: an upper and chronologically younger loose reddish brown sandy clay deposit that extends from 30 to around 200 cm below the surface (Assemblage 1) and a dark brown silty clay deposit found from around 200 to 700 cm (Aseemblages 2-4). Numerous hearths and concentrations of burnt animal bones were recorded within the reddish brown sandy clay deposit. No hearths were found in the dark brown silty clay deposit".
"Braholo Cave produced numerous archaeological materials ranging from polished stone adzes and pottery in the first 50 cm of deposits to more than 50,000 flakes and stone tool fragments from the lower stratigraphical levels. Assemblage 4 of excavation square G6 comprised bone fragments recovered from 510 to 730 cm below the surface, which contained a distinct concentration of limestone blocks and boulders".
"Braholo Cave produced numerous archaeological materials ranging from polished stone adzes and pottery in the first 50 cm of deposits to more than 50,000 flakes and stone tool fragments from the lower stratigraphical levels. Assemblage 4 of excavation square G6 comprised bone fragments recovered from 510 to 730 cm below the surface, which contained a distinct concentration of limestone blocks and boulders".
Methods
Life forms: bats,primates,rodents,ungulates,birds,lizards,snakes
Sampling methods: quarry
Sample size: 206 specimens
Years: 1997 - 2001
Sampling comments: "Excavations in Braholo Cave were undertaken between 1997 and 2001. A total of 17 pits were opened during the excavations. The archaeological investigations were limited to the northwest region of the cave because of the huge limestone boulders and collapsed stalactites in the southern portion of the cave. The deepest squares (O8 and G6) reached a maximum depth of 7.3 m. The basal occupation layers were presumed to have not been reached since excavations in most squares were halted due of the presence of huge limestone boulders. A stratified sampling strategy was employed to account for the stark difference in the total number of bone fragments represented in each analytical assemblage".
Metadata
Sample number: 3346
Contributor: John Alroy
Enterer: John Alroy
Created: 2019-08-25 17:06:50
Modified: 2023-04-29 00:32:37
Abundance distribution
18 species
3 singletons
total count 206
extrapolated richness: 29.1
Fisher's α: 4.745
geometric series k: 0.7695
Hurlbert's PIE: 0.7713
Shannon's H: 1.9709
Good's u: 0.9856
Each square represents a species. Square sizes are proportional to counts.
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Register
| Strigidae indet. | 1 | |
| Passeriformes indet. | 1 | |
| Apodidae indet. | 2 | |
| Python sp. | 21 | |
| Varanus sp. | 6 | |
| Agamidae indet. | 3 | |
| Cercopithecidae indet. | 2 | |
| Sciuridae indet. | 4 | |
| Leopoldamys sp. | 3 | |
| Niviventer sp. | 1 | |
| Chiroptera indet. | 4 | |
| "insectivorous bat" | ||
| Tragulus sp. | 2 | |
| Suidae indet. | 4 | |
| Muntiacus muntjak | 2 | 19 kg browser |
| Axis sp. | 7 | |
| Cervus sp. | 25 | |
| "Rusa sp." | ||
| Bos sp. | 86 | |
| Bubalus sp. | 32 | |