Abundance: 0.02 to 47.92% (median 1.14%)

Latitudinal range: -37.3° to 72.8°

Habitats: (204), Mediterranean woodland (4), boreal forest/taiga (3), desert/xeric shrubland (8), montane grassland (7), temperate broadleaf/mixed forest (33), temperate coniferous forest (4), temperate savanna (2), tropical/subtropical dry broadleaf forest (5), tropical/subtropical savanna (2), tundra (1)

Found in 273 samples

Afghanistan: Nuristan Province

Algeria: Gueldaman Cave GLD1 (UA1), Gueldaman Cave GLD1 (UA2), Gueldaman Cave GLD1 (UA3)

Armenia: Hovk-1 Cave (Unit 4), Godedzor Level II C, Godedzor Level II B

Australia: Kangaroo Valley (low cattle disturbance), Goonoo State Conservation Area (on-track, pre-baiting), Ben Boyd National Park and Nadgee Nature Reserve

Bhutan: Lamai Goempa Research Preserve

Bulgaria: Osogovo Mountain (Natura 2000 study), Osogovo Mountain (intensive study), Osogovo Mountain (opportunistic study), Redaka II

Canada: Lindsay, Canadian National Railway (spring), Canadian National Railway (summer), Canadian National Railway (fall), Canadian National Railway (winter), Charlie Lake Cave (Zone IV), Learmonth Site, Peale Point House 2 (1), Keffer (Midden 57, screened), Irving-Johnston, Atkinson, Cactus Flower, Winefred Lake, St. Brieux (winter 2011), St. Brieux (spring 2012), Roussillon, Québec, Algar

China: Altun Mountains, Gouli Region, Suojia Township, Mount Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve, Yanchiwan National Nature Reserve, Hunchun National Reserve (winter), Hunchun National Reserve (summer), Xiaoenda, Gezishan Locality 10 (Fourth layer), Kanas National Nature Reserve, Yujiagou (Layer 3B), Taosi, Muzhuzhuliang, Huoshiliang, Shuidonggou Locality 7

Denmark: Smakkerup Huse

France: Côte d’Or, Salève, Grotte du Bison (Level I), Mas d'Azil, Les Canalettes (Layer 3), Les Canalettes (Layer 4), Noisetier Cave, Chez-Pinaud Jonzac (Layer 22), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit II), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit III), Coudoulous I (Faunal Units IV and V), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit VI), Bois-de-Riquet (Locus 1), Caune de l'Arago (Unit D), Saint-Vallier (LD3), Vergisson II, Romain-la-Roche, Lazaret (C II supérieur UA 13-17), Payre (ensemble G), Payre (ensemble F), Payre (ensemble D), Les Pradelles (level 10), Tourville-la-Rivière (level D1)

Georgia: Ortvale Klde (early Upper Paleolithic)

Germany: Havelland, Lower Oder Valley, Schöningen 13 II-4

Hungary: Oltovány Castle

India: Akole Tahsil, Dachigam National Park, Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary (good habitat area), Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary (poor habitat area), Cathedral Cave (MIS 5)

Iran: Lar Protected Area, Wezmeh Cave, Kobeh Cave, Tappeh Sang-e Chakhmaq (West Mound), Tappeh Sang-e Chakhmaq (East Mound)

Iraq: Palegawra Cave

Israel: Shikma Biosphere Zone (winter), Manot Cave (Area D, Biogenic Unit), Motza (Early PPNB), Motza (Middle PPNB), Tel Ro'im West (Late PPNB), Tel Ro'im West (PPNC), Tel Ro'im West (PN), Yiftah'el, Marj Rabba, El-Wad Cave (Early Natufian), El-Wad Cave (Late Natufian), Ubeidiya (Layer II-23), Ein Gev I, Oumm Qatafa Cave (layer D2)

Italy: Western Trento Province (2012), Riparo Biarzo (SU 5), Riparo Biarzo (SU 4 + 3B), Riparo Biarzo (SU 3A), Mondeval de Sora (SU 8), San Teodoro Cave (Unit B-I), San Teodoro Cave (Unit B-II), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer B), La Sassa Cave, Contrada Castro (Period B), Casal Selce 2, Pirro Nord 13, Grotta Cucgiliana, Pantalla

Japan: Mt. Ohdaigahara (eastern area), Fujiyoshida City, Obihiro (wildlife overpass)

Jordan: Dana Nature Reserve, Wadi Taiyiba (WT6), Ayn Qasiyya (Area A)

Kazakhstan: Begash (Phase 1b), Begash (Phase 2), Begash (Phase 3a), Begash (Phase 3b), Begash (Phase 4)

Kyrgyzstan: SaryChat Ertash Zapovednik (ridge), Jangart Hunting Reserve (ridge)

Lebanon: Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve (spring), Moghr el-Ahwal Cave 3 (Phases F & E)

Lesotho: Sehonghong (ALP)

Mongolia: Zaraa Uul (Locus 2), Zaraa Uul (Locus 3)

Morocco: Gazelle Cave (lower level), Gazelle Cave (upper level), Zouhrah Cave (L s1), Zouhrah Cave (L 1), Zouhrah Cave (L 2), Zouhrah Cave (L 3)

Namibia: Waterberg Plateau Park (surrounding flatlands), Waterberg Plateau Park

Oman: Southwest Dhofar Mountains

Pakistan: Khunjerab National Park

Poland: Borsuka Cave (Layer VI), Raj Cave (layer 6), Borsuka Cave (Layer II), Zabia Cave (Layer 17)

Portugal: Foz do Enxarrique, Gruta de Figueira Brava (Area C)

Romania: Southern Transylvania

Russia: Svetly (layer 5), Geographical Society Cave, Zapovednaya, Sagan-Zaba II (Layer 2), Bol'shoj Naryn (Paleosol Layers), Chagyrskaya Cave (Layer 5), Chagyrskaya Cave (Layer 6), Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 2A), Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 2B), Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 3), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 2), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 5), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 6), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 7), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 8), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 9), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 10), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 11), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 12), Imanay Cave (Pleistocene Layer 1), Imanay Cave (Pleistocene Layer 2), Imanay Cave (Pleistocene Layer 3), Imanay Cave (Pleistocene Layer 4), Imanay Cave (Holocene Layer 1), Imanay Cave (Holocene Layer 2), Imanay Cave (Holocene Layer 3), Imanay Cave (Holocene Layer 4), Khayrgas Cave - Layer 4 (1998–1999 pit), Khayrgas Cave - Layer 6 (1998–1999 pit), Khayrgas Cave - Layer 7 (1998–1999 pit), Byzovaya, Muhkai II (layer 80), Chernyshevskaya-III Cave (layer 3), Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 2)

Saudi Arabia: Ti’s al Ghadah

Serbia: Garicin Grad (southeast corner tower, second phase)

South Africa: Equus Cave (Unit 1A), Equus Cave (Unit 1B), Table Mountain National Park, Boegoeberg 1, Plovers Lake, Diepkloof Rock Shelter (MSA - Post HP), Equus Cave (Unit 2A), Equus Cave (Unit 2B)

Spain: Larraga, Abric Romaní (Level Ja), Imanolen Arrobia, El Mirador Cave, Cueva de Nerja (Early Holocene), La Fragua Cave (Level 1), La Fragua Cave (Level 2), La Fragua Cave (Level 4), Punta Lucero Quarry, Bolomor Cave (Level IV), Venta Micena 4-I, Barranc de la Boella (La Mina 2), Barranc de la Boella (El Forn 4), Can Roqueta II, Barranco Léon, Gran Dolina (TD6.3), La Puebla de Valverde

Sudan: Gala Abu Ahmed

Switzerland: Zurich (movement photos)

Tunisia: Doukanet el Khoutifa, Zita Area III, Square I (Pre-Roman period)

Turkey: Yaylacik Research Forest, Ciglikara Nature Reserve, Barhal Stream, Koycegiz Wildlife Development Reserve, Göbekli Tepe (Enclosure D), Ulucak Höyük (Level VI), Ulucak Höyük (Level V), Ulucak Höyük (Level IV), Direkli Cave

Ukraine: Prolom II, Mirnoe, Grot Skeliastyi (III-3), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3-x), Buran-Kaya III Layer 4, Maidanetske (2013 season)

United Arab Emirates: Early ed-Dur (50 BC - 150 AD), Luluyyah Fort

United Kingdom: Lynford Quarry

United States: Memphis, Richlands, Boulder County, North Fork of the Cache la Poudre River, Dalton Highway, The Wilds, Zesch Cave, Crystal Ball Cave, OMNH locality VI03, Haystack Cave (upper levels), Haystack Cave (lower levels), Golf Course, Harrodsburg Crevice, Bat Cave, Dust Cave (Zones T and U), Spring Creek, Hulme Site, McIntosh, Mosquito Willie, Black Cat Cave (interior), Black Cat Cave (Test Unit 1), Guard, Pine Hill, Meyer Cave, Bootlegger Sink, Sunshine Locality (Unit E), Schulze Cave (layer C1), Schulze Cave (layer C2), Natural Chimneys, Molybdenum Ridge (triggered detections), Molybdenum Ridge (time-lapse detections), Black Rapids Training Area (triggered detections), Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (logs, feature), Bogue Chitto Creek, West of US 287, Mojave Desert, Marmes Rockshelter (Harrison horizon), Marmes Rockshelter (A6–16 horizon)

Uzbekistan: Kyzyltepa

Yemen: Hawf

See also Vulpes alopecoides, Vulpes bengalensis, Vulpes cana, Vulpes chama, Vulpes corsac, Vulpes ferrilata, Vulpes lagopus, Vulpes macrotis, Vulpes rueppellii, Vulpes sp., Vulpes velox, Vulpes vulpes, Vulpes zerda