Mass: 33 kg based on Ebedes 1970, Jenny 1996, Martins and Harris 2013, Stuart 1981, Ward 1926, and Weise et al. 2015

Diet: carnivore based on Stuart 1981, Jenny 1996, Karanth and Sunquist 2000, and Ray and Sunquist 2001

Abundance: 0.03 to 10.86% (median 0.74%)

Latitudinal range: -34.0° to 47.5°

Habitats: (67), Mediterranean woodland (1), boreal forest/taiga (1), desert/xeric shrubland (2), temperate broadleaf/mixed forest (6), temperate savanna (2), tropical/subtropical dry broadleaf forest (12), tropical/subtropical moist broadleaf forest (12), tropical/subtropical savanna (13)

Found in 116 samples

Burkina Faso: Arly National Park (2017)

Cambodia: Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Chhep Wildlife Sanctuary, Boh Dambang

China: Nangunhe Nature Reserve, Hunchun National Reserve (winter), Hunchun National Reserve (summer), Foping National Nature Reserve (2020), Wuyun Cave, Bailongdong

Ethiopia: Belete-Gera National Forest Priority Area (natural forest), Belete-Gera National Forest Priority Area (coffee forest)

France: Noisetier Cave, Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit III), Coudoulous I (Faunal Units IV and V), Romain-la-Roche, Lazaret (C II supérieur UA 13-17), Payre (ensemble G), Payre (ensemble F), Payre (ensemble D)

Ghana: Mole National Park

India: Savandurga State Forest (monsoon), Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Valparai Plateau, Similipal Tiger Reserve (camera traps), Akole Tahsil, Dachigam National Park, Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary (good habitat area), Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary (poor habitat area), Kotada Bhadli, Badmal (Period IB), Cathedral Cave (MIS 5)

Iran: Lar Protected Area, Wezmeh Cave, Golestan National Park

Israel: Tel Ro'im West (Late PPNB)

Italy: Caverna degli Orsi (sondage A, Unit 11.1), Caverna degli Orsi (sondage A, Unit 11.2), Isernia La Pineta (3 colluvio level), Grotta Cucgiliana

Kenya: Enkapune Ya Muto (RBL2.1), Enkapune Ya Muto (RBL2.2), Enkapune Ya Muto (RBL2.3), Enkapune Ya Muto (DBS), Karungu, Kibogo, Lainyamok

Lesotho: Sehonghong (RF), Sehonghong (RBL/CLBRF), Sehonghong (BAS)

Malaysia: Merapoh, Jerangau Forest Reserve, North Selangor Peat Swamp Forest, Jenut Bayek, Jenut Wan Bulan and Fruiting Area, Endau Rompin National Park

Morocco: Gazelle Cave (upper level), Zouhrah Cave (L 1), Zouhrah Cave (L 2), Zouhrah Cave (L 3)

Myanmar: Kweenkoh, Mae Nyaw Kee South

Namibia: Waterberg Plateau Park (surrounding flatlands), Waterberg Escarpment, Waterberg Plateau Park, Namib-Naukluft National Park, Etosha Region

North Korea: Chongphadae Cave

Portugal: Gruta de Figueira Brava (Area C)

Republic of the Congo: Odzala-Kokoua National Park, Forestry Management Unit Ngombé

Russia: Geographical Society Cave, Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 2A)

Senegal: Drambos Cave, Diouboye

South Africa: Groenefontein Nature Reserve (fynbos), Garden Route National Park (Site 1), Between George and Karatara, Sibudu Cave (Pinkish Grey Sand), Equus Cave (Unit 1A), Equus Cave (Unit 1B), Goudveld State Forest (survey cycle 1), Goudveld State Forest (survey cycle 2), Plovers Lake, Diepkloof Rock Shelter (MSA - Post HP), Diepkloof Rock Shelter (MSA - Late HP), Diepkloof Rock Shelter (MSA - Jack), Diepkloof Rock Shelter (MSA - Mike), Boomplaas Cave (Member BLD), Boomplaas Cave (Member BLA), Boomplaas Cave (Member YOL), Boomplaas Cave (Member BP), Boomplaas Cave (Member OLP), Boomplaas Cave (Member BOL), Boomplaas Cave (Member OCH), Boomplaas Cave (Member LOH), Equus Cave (Unit 2A), Equus Cave (Unit 2B)

Spain: Jou Puerta, Imanolen Arrobia

Sudan: Khor Shambat 1 (Mesolithic)

Tanzania: Mwanihana, Ruaha National Park (dry season, random placement), Mwanihana Forest (2013), Mlele Forest Reserve, Tli’ika, Kuumbi Cave (Trench 10, Phase 1b), Kuumbi Cave (Trench 10, Phase 3), Kuumbi Cave (Trench 10, Phase 4)

Thailand: Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary, Doi Pha Kan

Turkey: Ulucak Höyük (Level V)

Uganda: Nile Delta

Vietnam: Duoi U'Oi, Lang Trang (Cave II, breccia 5)

Yemen: Hawf

Zimbabwe: Ingwezi Game Management Project

♀ body mass	37648 kg	N = 1	Ebedes 1970
♀ body mass	34000 kg	N = 1	Jenny 1996
♀ body mass	32000 kg	N = 1	Jenny 1996
♀ body mass	20500 kg	N = 4	Martins and Harris 2013
♀ body mass	21200 kg	N = 9	Stuart 1981
♀ body mass	29484 kg	N = 1	Ward 1926
♀ body mass	40823 kg	N = 1	Ward 1926
♀ body mass	31000 kg	N = 1	Weise et al. 2015
♀ body mass	34000 kg	N = 1	Weise et al. 2015
♀ body mass	30000 kg	N = 1	Weise et al. 2015
♀ body mass	38000 kg	N = 1	Weise et al. 2015
♀ body mass	31000 kg	N = 1	Weise et al. 2015
♀ body mass	36000 kg	N = 1	Weise et al. 2015
♀ body mass	35000 kg	N = 1	Weise et al. 2015
♀ body mass	31000 kg	N = 1	Weise et al. 2015
♀ body mass	39000 kg	N = 1	Weise et al. 2015
♂ body mass	50349 kg	N = 1	Ebedes 1970
♂ body mass	56000 kg	N = 1	Jenny 1996
♂ body mass	35000 kg	N = 10	Martins and Harris 2013
♂ body mass	30900 kg	N = 27	Stuart 1981
♂ body mass	54431 kg	N = 1	Ward 1926
♂ body mass	72575 kg	N = 1	Ward 1926
♂ body mass	54000 kg	N = 1	Weise et al. 2015
♂ body mass	63000 kg	N = 1	Weise et al. 2015
♂ body mass	61000 kg	N = 1	Weise et al. 2015
♂ body mass	54000 kg	N = 1	Weise et al. 2015
♂ body mass	48000 kg	N = 1	Weise et al. 2015
♂ body mass	44000 kg	N = 1	Weise et al. 2015
♂ body mass	52000 kg	N = 1	Weise et al. 2015
♂ body mass	42000 kg	N = 1	Weise et al. 2015
♀ ear length	70 mm	N = 7	Stuart 1981
♂ ear length	73 mm	N = 20	Stuart 1981
♀ head and body length	1140 mm	N = 1	Jenny 1996
♀ head and body length	1180 mm	N = 1	Jenny 1996
♀ head and body length	1030 mm	N = 8	Stuart 1981
♂ head and body length	1380 mm	N = 1	Jenny 1996
♂ head and body length	1107 mm	N = 21	Stuart 1981
♀ hind foot length	206 mm	N = 7	Stuart 1981
♂ hind foot length	219 mm	N = 20	Stuart 1981
♀ skull length	200 mm	N = 9	Stuart 1981
♂ skull length	219 mm	N = 21	Stuart 1981
♀ tail length	850 mm	N = 1	Jenny 1996
♀ tail length	820 mm	N = 1	Jenny 1996
♀ tail length	677 mm	N = 8	Stuart 1981
♂ tail length	900 mm	N = 1	Jenny 1996
♂ tail length	678 mm	N = 20	Stuart 1981
♀ total body length	2743 mm	N = 1	Ward 1926
♀ total body length	2845 mm	N = 1	Ward 1926
♂ total body length	2667 mm	N = 1	Ward 1926
♂ total body length	3251 mm	N = 1	Ward 1926

See also Panthera, Panthera atrox, Panthera gombaszoegensis, Panthera leo, Panthera onca, Panthera sp., Panthera spelaea, Panthera tigris, Panthera uncia