SELECT * FROM sessions,people WHERE ip=20315109220 AND enterer=person_noSELECT p.first_name AS contributor_first,p.last_name AS contributor_last,p2.first_name AS enterer_first,p2.last_name AS enterer_last,t.* FROM people p,people p2,samples t WHERE t.contributor_no=p.person_no AND t.enterer_no=p2.person_no AND t.sample_no=4282 GROUP BY t.sample_noSELECT * FROM samples WHERE sample_no=4282SELECT person_no,first_name,last_name FROM peopleSELECT * FROM refs WHERE ref_no=3894SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE tbl_name='samples';SELECT * FROM register WHERE sample_no=4282 ORDER BY register_no ASCSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Mammuthus' AND (junior_species='meridionalis' OR junior_species='meridionalis')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Mammuthus' AND (species='meridionalis' OR species='meridionalis') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Mammuthus' AND (species='meridionalis' OR species='meridionalis')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Mammuthus' AND (junior_species='meridionalis' OR junior_species='meridionalis')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Mammuthus' AND (species='meridionalis' OR species='meridionalis') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Stephanorhinus' AND (junior_species='etruscus' OR junior_species='etruscus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Stephanorhinus' AND (species='etruscus' OR species='etruscus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Stephanorhinus' AND (species='etruscus' OR species='etruscus')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Stephanorhinus' AND (junior_species='etruscus' OR junior_species='etruscus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Stephanorhinus' AND (species='etruscus' OR species='etruscus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Equus' AND (junior_species='altidens' OR junior_species='altidens')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Equus' AND (species='altidens' OR species='altidens') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Equus' AND (species='altidens' OR species='altidens')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Equus' AND (junior_species='altidens' OR junior_species='altidens')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Equus' AND (species='altidens' OR species='altidens') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Hippopotamus' AND (junior_species='antiquus' OR junior_species='antiquus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Hippopotamus' AND (species='antiquus' OR species='antiquus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Hippopotamus' AND (species='antiquus' OR species='antiquus')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Hippopotamus' AND (junior_species='antiquus' OR junior_species='antiquus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Hippopotamus' AND (species='antiquus' OR species='antiquus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Bison' AND (junior_species='sp.' OR junior_species='sp.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Bison' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Bison' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Bison' AND (junior_species='sp.' OR junior_species='sp.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Bison' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Hemibos' AND (junior_species='gracilis' OR junior_species='gracilis')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Hemibos' AND (species='gracilis' OR species='gracilis') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Hemibos' AND (species='gracilis' OR species='gracilis')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Hemibos' AND (junior_species='gracilis' OR junior_species='gracilis')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Hemibos' AND (species='gracilis' OR species='gracilis') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Soergelia' AND (junior_species='minor' OR junior_species='minor')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Soergelia' AND (species='minor' OR species='minor') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Soergelia' AND (species='minor' OR species='minor')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Soergelia' AND (junior_species='minor' OR junior_species='minor')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Soergelia' AND (species='minor' OR species='minor') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Capra' AND (junior_species='alba' OR junior_species='alba')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Capra' AND (species='alba' OR species='alba') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Capra' AND (species='alba' OR species='alba')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Capra' AND (junior_species='alba' OR junior_species='alba')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Capra' AND (species='alba' OR species='alba') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Praemegaceros' AND (junior_species='verticornis' OR junior_species='verticornis')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Praemegaceros' AND (species='verticornis' OR species='verticornis') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Praemegaceros' AND (species='verticornis' OR species='verticornis')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Praemegaceros' AND (junior_species='verticornis' OR junior_species='verticornis')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Praemegaceros' AND (species='verticornis' OR species='verticornis') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Metacervoceros' AND (junior_species='rhenanus' OR junior_species='rhenanus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Metacervoceros' AND (species='rhenanus' OR species='rhenanus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Metacervoceros' AND (species='rhenanus' OR species='rhenanus')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Metacervoceros' AND (junior_species='rhenanus' OR junior_species='rhenanus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Metacervoceros' AND (species='rhenanus' OR species='rhenanus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Canis' AND (junior_species='mosbachensis' OR junior_species='mosbachensis')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Canis' AND (species='mosbachensis' OR species='mosbachensis') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Canis' AND (species='mosbachensis' OR species='mosbachensis')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Canis' AND (junior_species='mosbachensis' OR junior_species='mosbachensis')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Canis' AND (species='mosbachensis' OR species='mosbachensis') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Canis' AND (junior_species='lycanoides' OR junior_species='lycanoides')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Canis' AND (species='lycanoides' OR species='lycanoides') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Canis' AND (species='lycanoides' OR species='lycanoides')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Canis' AND (junior_species='lycanoides' OR junior_species='lycanoides')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Canis' AND (species='lycanoides' OR species='lycanoides') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Pachycrocuta' AND (junior_species='brevirostris' OR junior_species='brevirostris')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Pachycrocuta' AND (species='brevirostris' OR species='brevirostris') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Pachycrocuta' AND (species='brevirostris' OR species='brevirostris')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Pachycrocuta' AND (junior_species='brevirostris' OR junior_species='brevirostris')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Pachycrocuta' AND (species='brevirostris' OR species='brevirostris') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Homotherium' AND (junior_species='latidens' OR junior_species='latidens')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Homotherium' AND (species='latidens' OR species='latidens') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Homotherium' AND (species='latidens' OR species='latidens')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Homotherium' AND (junior_species='latidens' OR junior_species='latidens')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Homotherium' AND (species='latidens' OR species='latidens') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Megantereon' AND (junior_species='cultridens' OR junior_species='cultridens')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Megantereon' AND (species='cultridens' OR species='cultridens') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Megantereon' AND (species='cultridens' OR species='cultridens')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Megantereon' AND (junior_species='cultridens' OR junior_species='cultridens')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Megantereon' AND (species='cultridens' OR species='cultridens') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Ursus' AND (junior_species='etruscus' OR junior_species='etruscus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Ursus' AND (species='etruscus' OR species='etruscus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Ursus' AND (species='etruscus' OR species='etruscus')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Ursus' AND (junior_species='etruscus' OR junior_species='etruscus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Ursus' AND (species='etruscus' OR species='etruscus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Lagomorpha' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Lagomorpha' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Lagomorpha' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Lagomorpha' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Lagomorpha' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Testudines' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Testudines' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Testudines' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Testudines' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Testudines' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Aves' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Aves' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Aves' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Aves' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Aves' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT * FROM register WHERE sample_no=4282
Reference:J. Yravedra, C. Luzon, J. A. Solano, G. J. Linares-Matas, V. Estaca-Gomez, J. J. Rodriguez-Alba, L. A. Courtenay, D. Herranz-Rodrigo, A. Serrano-Ramos, J. Camara, J. Saarinen, C. Sanchez-Bandera, H. A. Blain, S. Viranta-Kovanen, D. DeMiguel, B. Azanza, O. Oms, J. Agusti, M. Fortelius, and J. M. J. Arenas. 2023. To den or not to den. Contributions to the taphonomic history of the Early Pleistocene site of Venta Micena 4 (Orce, Guadix-Baza Basin). Quaternary Science Reviews308(108031):1-22 [ER 3894]
Geography
Country: Spain
State: Granada
Coordinate:37.732952° N, -2.404772° W
Coordinate basis: estimated from map
Time interval: Early Pleistocene
Section: VM4-II
Unit order: below to above
Max Ma: 1.6
Min Ma: 1.37
Age basis: ESR
Geography comments: Venta Micena (VM) is located in the Guadix-Baza Basin near Orce in southeastern Spain
Unit C, which VM4-II falls into has been dating using combined U-Th/ESR dating methods to a mean age of 1.37 +/- 0.25 Ma and has been refined/extended based on biochronology up to ~1.6 Ma
Habitat comments: "VM4 would have been located near the edge of a lacustrine environment centered around the relatively large and saline endorheic Baza lake"
VM4-II is situated above VM4I in Interval C1 of Venta Micena's Unit C within micritic limestone of palustrine and lacustrine origin
Weathering alterations are scarce, implying low levels of subaerial exposure
Evidenced by tooth marks, bone breakage patterns, and other taphonomic evidence it is probable that VM4 represents an open-air site where "multiple carnivores interacted with herbivore carcasses", mainly felids, hyaenids, and possibly canids
Tooth marks are present on 1.9% of well-preserved bones at VM4-II with only 5% of marked bones exhibiting >5 tooth marks per bone
The assemblage is not thought to be accumulated as the result of activity by one particular taxon, but rather through the input of "multiple agents"
Taphonomic research is still ongoing as is the debate on accumulation at Venta Micena 4
Methods
Life forms: carnivores,ungulates,other small mammals,birds,turtles
Sampling methods: quarry
Sample size: 641 specimens
Sampling comments: 39 m squared has been excavated over seven field seasons: 2005, 2013-15, and 2017-19