SELECT * FROM sessions,people WHERE ip=20315109220 AND enterer=person_noSELECT p.first_name AS contributor_first,p.last_name AS contributor_last,p2.first_name AS enterer_first,p2.last_name AS enterer_last,t.* FROM people p,people p2,samples t WHERE t.contributor_no=p.person_no AND t.enterer_no=p2.person_no AND t.sample_no=4241 GROUP BY t.sample_noSELECT * FROM samples WHERE sample_no=4241SELECT person_no,first_name,last_name FROM peopleSELECT * FROM refs WHERE ref_no=3866SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE tbl_name='samples';SELECT * FROM register WHERE sample_no=4241 ORDER BY register_no ASCSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Hystrix' AND (junior_species='africaeaustralis' OR junior_species='africaeaustralis')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Hystrix' AND (species='africaeaustralis' OR species='africaeaustralis') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Hystrix' AND (junior_species='africaeaustralis' OR junior_species='africaeaustralis')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Hystrix' AND (species='africaeaustralis' OR species='africaeaustralis') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Pedetes' AND (junior_species='capensis' OR junior_species='capensis')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Pedetes' AND (species='capensis' OR species='capensis') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Pedetes' AND (junior_species='capensis' OR junior_species='capensis')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Pedetes' AND (species='capensis' OR species='capensis') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Leporidae' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Leporidae' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Leporidae' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Leporidae' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Leporidae' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Leporidae' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Leporidae' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Leporidae' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Leporidae' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Leporidae' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Papio' AND (junior_species='hamadryas' OR junior_species='hamadryas')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Papio' AND (species='hamadryas' OR species='hamadryas') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Papio' AND (junior_species='hamadryas' OR junior_species='hamadryas')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Papio' AND (species='hamadryas' OR species='hamadryas') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Canis' AND (junior_species='mesomelas' OR junior_species='mesomelas')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Canis' AND (species='mesomelas' OR species='mesomelas') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Canis' AND (junior_species='mesomelas' OR junior_species='mesomelas')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Canis' AND (species='mesomelas' OR species='mesomelas') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Proteles' AND (junior_species='cristatus' OR junior_species='cristatus')SELECT junior_genus,junior_species FROM itis WHERE senior_genus='' AND senior_species=''SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Proteles' AND (species='cristatus' OR species='cristatus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Proteles' AND (junior_species='cristatus' OR junior_species='cristatus')SELECT junior_genus,junior_species FROM itis WHERE senior_genus='' AND senior_species=''SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Proteles' AND (species='cristatus' OR species='cristatus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Procavia' AND (junior_species='capensis' OR junior_species='capensis')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Procavia' AND (species='capensis' OR species='capensis') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Procavia' AND (junior_species='capensis' OR junior_species='capensis')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Procavia' AND (species='capensis' OR species='capensis') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Equus' AND (junior_species='sp.' OR junior_species='sp.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Equus' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Equus' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Equus' AND (junior_species='sp.' OR junior_species='sp.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Equus' AND (species='sp.' OR species='sp.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Rhinocerotidae' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Rhinocerotidae' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Rhinocerotidae' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Rhinocerotidae' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Rhinocerotidae' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Tragelaphus' AND (junior_species='strepsiceros' OR junior_species='strepsiceros')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Tragelaphus' AND (species='strepsiceros' OR species='strepsiceros') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Tragelaphus' AND (junior_species='strepsiceros' OR junior_species='strepsiceros')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Tragelaphus' AND (species='strepsiceros' OR species='strepsiceros') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Kobus' AND (junior_species='leche' OR junior_species='leche')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Kobus' AND (species='leche' OR species='leche') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Kobus' AND (species='leche' OR species='leche')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Kobus' AND (junior_species='leche' OR junior_species='leche')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Kobus' AND (species='leche' OR species='leche') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Damaliscus' AND (junior_species='pygargus' OR junior_species='pygargus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Damaliscus' AND (species='pygargus' OR species='pygargus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Damaliscus' AND (junior_species='pygargus' OR junior_species='pygargus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Damaliscus' AND (species='pygargus' OR species='pygargus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Alcelaphus' AND (junior_species='buselaphus' OR junior_species='buselaphus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Alcelaphus' AND (species='buselaphus' OR species='buselaphus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Alcelaphus' AND (junior_species='buselaphus' OR junior_species='buselaphus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Alcelaphus' AND (species='buselaphus' OR species='buselaphus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Connochaetes' AND (junior_species='taurinus' OR junior_species='taurinus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Connochaetes' AND (species='taurinus' OR species='taurinus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Connochaetes' AND (junior_species='taurinus' OR junior_species='taurinus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Connochaetes' AND (species='taurinus' OR species='taurinus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Antidorcas' AND (junior_species='marsupialis' OR junior_species='marsupialis')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Antidorcas' AND (species='marsupialis' OR species='marsupialis') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Antidorcas' AND (junior_species='marsupialis' OR junior_species='marsupialis')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Antidorcas' AND (species='marsupialis' OR species='marsupialis') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Raphicerus' AND (junior_species='campestris' OR junior_species='campestris')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Raphicerus' AND (species='campestris' OR species='campestris') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Raphicerus' AND (junior_species='campestris' OR junior_species='campestris')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Raphicerus' AND (species='campestris' OR species='campestris') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Pelea' AND (junior_species='capreolus' OR junior_species='capreolus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Pelea' AND (species='capreolus' OR species='capreolus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Pelea' AND (junior_species='capreolus' OR junior_species='capreolus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Pelea' AND (species='capreolus' OR species='capreolus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Oreotragus' AND (junior_species='oreotragus' OR junior_species='oreotragus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Oreotragus' AND (species='oreotragus' OR species='oreotragus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Oreotragus' AND (species='oreotragus' OR species='oreotragus')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Oreotragus' AND (junior_species='oreotragus' OR junior_species='oreotragus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Oreotragus' AND (species='oreotragus' OR species='oreotragus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Stigmochelys' AND (junior_species='pardalis' OR junior_species='pardalis')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Stigmochelys' AND (species='pardalis' OR species='pardalis') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Stigmochelys' AND (species='pardalis' OR species='pardalis')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Stigmochelys' AND (junior_species='pardalis' OR junior_species='pardalis')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Stigmochelys' AND (species='pardalis' OR species='pardalis') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Aves' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Aves' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Aves' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Aves' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Aves' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Struthio' AND (junior_species='camelus' OR junior_species='camelus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Struthio' AND (species='camelus' OR species='camelus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Struthio' AND (species='camelus' OR species='camelus')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Struthio' AND (junior_species='camelus' OR junior_species='camelus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Struthio' AND (species='camelus' OR species='camelus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT * FROM register WHERE sample_no=4241 The Ecological Register: Wonderwerk Cave (excavation 2, stratum 2)
Wonderwerk Cave (excavation 2, stratum 2)
Basic information
Sample name: Wonderwerk Cave (excavation 2, stratum 2)

Reference: M. Chazan, F. Berna, J. Brink, M. Ecker, S. Holt, N. Porat, J. L. Thorp, and L. K. Horwitz. 2020. Archeology, environment, and chronology of the early Middle Stone Age component of Wonderwerk Cave. Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology 3:302-335 [ER 3866]
Geography
Country: South Africa

State: Northern Cape


Coordinate: 27° 50' 42" S, 23° 33' 14" E
Coordinate basis: based on nearby landmark

Time interval: Middle Pleistocene

Max Ma: 0.238

Min Ma: 0.153

Age basis: OSL

Geography comments: "between the towns of Danielskuil and Kuruman" (coordinate given by Wikipedia)
there are four OSL dates on the stratum ranging from 238 +/- 13 to 153 +/- 15 kyr and four U/Th dates, the two precise ones being 97 +/- 3 and 168 +/- 14 kyr; the authors appear to favour the OSL dates

•
Environment
Lithology: sandstone

Taphonomic context: carnivore accumulation,cave,human accumulation,rodent accumulation

Archaeology: stone tools

Habitat comments: "This layer is 18 cm thick, composed of dark tan sand, locally laminated and locally discolored to black or off-white... It contains rare light-gray rounded gravel" and there was "a nearby body of water or seasonally dry lake" that provided the sediments
"many bones in the assemblage are burnt... and/or have been modified by carnivore and porcupine damage... copious quantities of hyaena coprolites were found" so carnivores "may have served as vectors for the introduction of some prey species into the cave" and it is fair to infer this is also a porcupine accumulation, although the authors take no position
the lithic assemblage "consists of 132 detached pieces" and the faunal assemblage "reflects of a range of subsistence activities including trapping of small reptiles and mammals" and "hunting" of larger ones

Methods
Life forms: carnivores,primates,rodents,ungulates,other large mammals,other small mammals,birds,turtles

Sampling methods: quarry

Sample size: 167 specimens

Sampling comments: 57 indeterminate bovids in four size classes are also listed

Metadata
Sample number: 4241

Contributor: John Alroy

Enterer: John Alroy

Created: 2023-04-21 14:34:02

Modified: 2023-04-21 04:41:56

Abundance distribution
22 species
5 singletons
total count 167
extrapolated richness: 39.2
Fisher's α: 6.783
geometric series k: 0.8235
Hurlbert's PIE: 0.8261
Shannon's H: 2.2867
Good's u: 0.9704
Each square represents a species. Square sizes are proportional to counts.
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Register
Hystrix africaeaustralis415 kg browser
Pedetes capensis12.4 kg
"Pedetes pedetes" or "springhare"
Leporidae indet. 11
"Lepus capensis size": also two entirely indeterminate leporids
Leporidae indet. 24
"Pronolagus rupestris size"
Papio cf. hamadryas112 kg
Canis mesomelas27.9 kg carnivore
plus nine canids of the same size
Proteles cristatus29.1 kg insectivore
plus one hyaenid bone and "numerous hyena coprolites"
Procavia capensis242.8 kg browser
Equus sp.14
possibly including "Hipparion"
Rhinocerotidae indet.1
Tragelaphus strepsiceros4189 kg browser-grazer
Kobus leche2 grazer-browser
plus one indeterminate Hippotragini
Damaliscus cf. pygargus phillipsi383 kg grazer-browser
plus five indeterminate Alcelaphini and four compared to Damaliscus
Alcelaphus buselaphus4143 kg grazer-browser
Connochaetes taurinus2202 kg grazer-browser
Antidorcas marsupialis240 kg browser-grazer
plus four indeterminate Antilopini
Raphicerus campestris69.7 kg browser-grazer
plus six indeterminate Neotragini
Pelea capreolus316 kg grazer
Oreotragus oreotragus1 browser-grazer
Stigmochelys pardalis59
Aves indet.8
small
Struthio camelus19111 kg grazer-browser
eggshell