SELECT * FROM sessions,people WHERE ip=20315109220 AND enterer=person_noSELECT p.first_name AS contributor_first,p.last_name AS contributor_last,p2.first_name AS enterer_first,p2.last_name AS enterer_last,t.* FROM people p,people p2,samples t WHERE t.contributor_no=p.person_no AND t.enterer_no=p2.person_no AND t.sample_no=3940 GROUP BY t.sample_noSELECT * FROM samples WHERE sample_no=3940SELECT person_no,first_name,last_name FROM peopleSELECT * FROM refs WHERE ref_no=3716SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE tbl_name='samples';SELECT * FROM register WHERE sample_no=3940 ORDER BY register_no ASCSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Palaeoloxodon' AND (junior_species='mnaidriensis' OR junior_species='mnaidriensis')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Palaeoloxodon' AND (species='mnaidriensis' OR species='mnaidriensis') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Palaeoloxodon' AND (species='mnaidriensis' OR species='mnaidriensis')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Palaeoloxodon' AND (junior_species='mnaidriensis' OR junior_species='mnaidriensis')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Palaeoloxodon' AND (species='mnaidriensis' OR species='mnaidriensis') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Bovina' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Bovina' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Bovina' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Bovina' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Bovina' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Equus' AND (junior_species='hemionus' OR junior_species='hemionus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Equus' AND (species='hemionus' OR species='hemionus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Equus' AND (species='hemionus' OR species='hemionus')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Equus' AND (junior_species='hemionus' OR junior_species='hemionus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Equus' AND (species='hemionus' OR species='hemionus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Sus' AND (junior_species='scrofa' OR junior_species='scrofa')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Sus' AND (species='scrofa' OR species='scrofa') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Sus' AND (junior_species='scrofa' OR junior_species='scrofa')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Sus' AND (species='scrofa' OR species='scrofa') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Cervus' AND (junior_species='elaphus' OR junior_species='elaphus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Cervus' AND (species='elaphus' OR species='elaphus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Cervus' AND (junior_species='elaphus' OR junior_species='elaphus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Cervus' AND (species='elaphus' OR species='elaphus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Crocuta' AND (junior_species='spelaea' OR junior_species='spelaea')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Crocuta' AND (species='spelaea' OR species='spelaea') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Crocuta' AND (species='spelaea' OR species='spelaea')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Crocuta' AND (junior_species='spelaea' OR junior_species='spelaea')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Crocuta' AND (species='spelaea' OR species='spelaea') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Vulpes' AND (junior_species='vulpes' OR junior_species='vulpes')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Vulpes' AND (species='vulpes' OR species='vulpes') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Vulpes' AND (junior_species='vulpes' OR junior_species='vulpes')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Vulpes' AND (species='vulpes' OR species='vulpes') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Microtus' AND (junior_species='savii' OR junior_species='savi')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Microtus' AND (species='savii' OR species='savi') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Microtus' AND (species='savii' OR species='savi')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Microtus' AND (junior_species='savii' OR junior_species='savi')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Microtus' AND (species='savii' OR species='savi') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Apodemus' AND (junior_species='sylvaticus' OR junior_species='sylvaticus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Apodemus' AND (species='sylvaticus' OR species='sylvaticus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Apodemus' AND (species='sylvaticus' OR species='sylvaticus')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Apodemus' AND (junior_species='sylvaticus' OR junior_species='sylvaticus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Apodemus' AND (species='sylvaticus' OR species='sylvaticus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Crocidura' AND (junior_species='sicula' OR junior_species='sicula')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Crocidura' AND (species='sicula' OR species='sicula') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Crocidura' AND (species='sicula' OR species='sicula')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Crocidura' AND (junior_species='sicula' OR junior_species='sicula')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Crocidura' AND (species='sicula' OR species='sicula') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Erinaceus' AND (junior_species='europaeus' OR junior_species='europaeus')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Erinaceus' AND (species='europaeus' OR species='europaeus') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Erinaceus' AND (species='europaeus' OR species='europaeus')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Erinaceus' AND (junior_species='europaeus' OR junior_species='europaeus')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Erinaceus' AND (species='europaeus' OR species='europaeus') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Chiroptera' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT s.*,r.* FROM sizes s,refs r WHERE s.ref_no=r.ref_no AND measurement='body mass' AND genus='Chiroptera' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY measurement,sex,last_names,yearSELECT *,0 AS individuals FROM crc WHERE genus='Chiroptera' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.')SELECT senior_genus genus,senior_species species FROM itis WHERE junior_genus='Chiroptera' AND (junior_species='indet.' OR junior_species='indet.')SELECT d.diet,d.diet_2,r.ref_no,r.last_names,r.year FROM diets d,refs r WHERE d.ref_no=r.ref_no AND genus='Chiroptera' AND (species='indet.' OR species='indet.') ORDER BY year,last_namesSELECT * FROM register WHERE sample_no=3940 The Ecological Register: San Teodoro Cave (Unit B-II)
San Teodoro Cave (Unit B-II)
Basic information
Sample name: San Teodoro Cave (Unit B-II)

Reference: G. Mangano. 2011. An exclusively hyena-collected bone assemblage in the Late Pleistocene of Sicily: taphonomy and stratigraphic context of the large mammal remains from San Teodoro Cave (North-Eastern Sicily, Italy). Journal of Archaeological Science 38(12):3584-3595 [ER 3716]
Geography
Country: Italy


Coordinate: 38° 3' N, 14° 35' E
Coordinate basis: based on nearby landmark

Time interval: Late Pleistocene

Section: 3716

Unit number: 2

Unit order: above to below

Ma: 0.032

Age basis: U/Th

Geography comments: "The San Teodoro Cave is a large cavity located at Acquedolci (basis of coordinate), a small town on the north-eastern coast of Sicily in the province of Messina".
"U/Th dating on a concretionary level intercalated with two clayey levels within the β trench yielded a date of 32,000 ± 4000 years".

•
Environment
Lithology: sandstone

Taphonomic context: bird accumulation,carnivore accumulation,cave

Habitat comments: "The cave opens in the northern cliffs of a Jurassic carbonatic massif (San Fratello Massif) at a height of 145 m asl. It is composed of a single large chamber, about 60 m long, 20 m wide, and up to 20 m high".
"The fossiliferous Unit B deposit is composed of grey-green clayey sand including 1–10 cm sized blocks of limestone together with large carbonate boulders. Level B-II is mainly composed of large concretioned carbonate boulders intercalated with concretioned levels of clayey sand and small lenses of non-concretioned clayey sand".
"The level is characterized by evidence of hyena occupation, represented by their skeletal remains, coprolites, and distinctive damages on the bones, attesting to the use of the cave as a communal den". Hyenas were thus likely the primary accumulators of the majority of the large mammal remains, while "etching on vole teeth and shrew mandibles indicates that the accumulation of small mammal remains is derived from the hunting activity of owls".

Methods
Life forms: bats,carnivores,rodents,ungulates,other small mammals

Sampling methods: quarry,screenwash

Sample size: 261 specimens

Years: 1998 - 2006

Sampling comments: "Modern excavations investigating the older deposit of the cave (Unit B) started in 1998 and went on till 2006 for a total of eight months and six excavation seasons. Two trenches were excavated, the 'α' trench, located on the eastern side of the cave near the entrance over an area of 25 m2, and the 'β' trench, located on the inner eastern side of the cave at a distance of 28 m from the entrance over an area of 28 m2".
"All sediments were wet-sieved with superimposed screens of 5 and 2 mm mesh, with total recovery of bone and teeth fragments, small vertebrates, molluscs, vegetable remains, and coprolite fragments. Large sized faunal remains were collected in situ and plotted in three Cartesian coordinates".
"Unit B-II occupies the western sector of the β trench (squares D–G)". The register below consists of the total mammal assemblage from this unit with the small mammal counts obtained from Bonfiglio et al. (2008).

Metadata
Sample number: 3940

Contributor: Benjamin Carter

Enterer: Benjamin Carter

Created: 2022-03-31 12:53:13

Modified: 2023-05-30 00:49:08

Abundance distribution
12 species
0 singletons
total count 261
extrapolated richness: 14.4
Fisher's α: 2.597
geometric series k: 0.7014
Hurlbert's PIE: 0.7383
Shannon's H: 1.7159
Good's u: 1.0000
Each square represents a species. Square sizes are proportional to counts.
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• Map matching samples
• Extrapolate richness estimates
Register
Palaeoloxodon mnaidriensis5
Bovina indet.7
"Bos primigenius siciliae/Bison priscus siciliae"
Equus hemionus hydruntinus5 grazer
"Equus hydruntinus"
Sus scrofa1154 kg herbivore
Cervus elaphus siciliae84104 kg
Crocuta spelaea16
"Crocuta crocuta spelaea"
Vulpes vulpes25.3 kg carnivore-insectivore
Microtus savii99
Apodemus sylvaticus3
Crocidura sicula4
Erinaceus europaeus6
Chiroptera indet.19